Introduction to Multilevel Analysis: Theory, Measurement, and Two-Level Nested Models - Dr. James LeBreton

Which of the following best describes a key characteristic of multilevel models that makes traditional OLS regression unsuitable without adjustment?

The nesting of data that violates independence assumptions
The presence of normally distributed errors
The independence of observations
The use of linear predictors across all levels

Which type of nesting is reflected by individuals nested in teams, teams nested in departments, or departments nested in organizations?

Structural Nesting
Cross-sectional Nesting
Temporal Nesting
Conceptual Nesting

Which of the following best describes a composition model of emergence?

Individuals have similar scores that combine to form a shared group-level construct
Individuals contribute divergent ideas that form unrelated group processes
A group's personality is defined by its highest-scoring member only
Disagreement among team members is used to measure team performance

According to Kozlowski & Klein (200), “emergence” represents:

A process where individual-level characteristics manifest as higher-level phenomena
A statistical artifact caused by small sample sizes
A form of top-down influence from organizations to individuals
A method for correcting interrater disagreement

Which of the following is an example of a bottom-up process in multilevel theory?

Individual emotions leading to group affective tone
Company culture shaping employee behavior
Team structure determining job roles
Organizational policy influencing department size

What does Interrater Reliability (IRR) measure?

The relative consistency in scores assigned by multiple raters to multiple targets
The absolute agreement among raters on a single target
The average score given to a target
The deviation of ratings from the group mean

What does a high value of r_WG indicate?

Low within-group variability and high agreement
Low within-group variability and low agreement
High within-group variability and low agreement
High within-group variability and high agreement

Why do we compute interrater agreement (IRA) and/or interrater reliability (IRR) statistics when aggregating rater scores?

To assess the psychometric integrity of these ratings
To adjust for demographic differences among raters
To compare results across different rating scales
To convert ordinal data into continuous scores

In multilevel modeling, what does ICC(1) represent?

The proportion of variance in a variable that resides between groups.
The proportion of variance in a variable that resides within-groups.
The proportion of variance in a variable that resides both within- and between-groups.
None of these

Which of the following statements about IRA and IRR is TRUE?

IRA is a function of the absolute consensus between rater scores and IRR reflects the relative consistency of rater scores
IRA is based on correlation; IRR is based on variance.
IRR is more commonly used for multilevel modeling than IRA.
IRA and IRR always produce identical results

What is aggregation bias, as described by James (1982)?

A bias in estimates of interrater agreement introduced by aggregating data over raters.
The tendency to overestimate between-group variance
The reduction of within-group variance caused by standardization
A distortion of group-level effects due to small sample sizes

What is the atomistic fallacy?

Drawing higher-level conclusions from lower-level data
Interpreting individual variance as sampling error
Assuming individual scores are random within groups
Using group averages to test within-person hypotheses

According to Firebaugh (1978), what provides the basis for cross-level bias?

A shift in constructs as one shifts levels of aggregation
Misalignment between predictors and outcomes
The inclusion of non-significant predictors in the model
Sampling from multiple geographic clusters

A researcher collects data about student attendance (X) and grades (Y). The researcher is able to collect data from 1000 students enrolled in 100 different schools (i.e., 100,000 total students). The researcher ignores the nested nature of the data and simply regresses grades onto attendance. Which of the following is true regarding the regression coefficient BYX:

It will be a function of both between-school and within-school relationships.
It will be upwardly biased.
It will be downwardly biased.
It will be easy to interpret.

What is the downward cross-level bias also known as?

Ecological fallacy
Sampling error bias
Atomistic fallacy
Centering bias

What is one of the core assumptions in multilevel modeling (MLM)?

Residuals at level 1 and level 2 are independent
Residuals at level 2 must be standardized
Predictors must be centered at both levels
Groups must be equal in size

What does the intraclass correlation (ICC) represent in the null or unconditional ANOVA model?

The proportion of variance in 𝑌𝑖𝑗 residing between-groups
The reliability of level 1 predictors
The proportion of level 1 variance that is residual
The variance explained by cross-level interactions

When is it appropriate to continue with an Intercepts-as-Outcomes model?

When there is significant variance in intercepts (𝜏00 )
When level 1 predictors are all significant
When residual variance is negative
When the ICC is below 0.10

Which of the following is true about the scaling/centering of level 1 predictors in multilevel regression?

Raw metric and grand mean centered approaches yield identical results for level 1 slopes and significance tests.
Raw metric and group mean centered approaches yield identical results for level 1 slopes and significance tests.
Grand mean centered and group mean centered approaches yield identical results for level 1 slopes and signifiance tests.
None of these.

Which of the following is true about computing effect sizes (i.e., estimates of quasi-R²) for multilevel models?

Estimates are available for both level 1 and level 2 relationships.
It is not possible to compute estimates of effect sizes.
Estimates are only available for level 1 relationships.
Estimates are only available for level 2 relationships.

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Introduction to Multilevel Analysis: Theory, Measurement, and Two-Level Nested Models – Dr. James LeBreton

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